Sabtu, 14 Juni 2014 0 komentar

Sputum

Sputum

Definisi : bahan yang dikeluarkan dari paru, bronchus, dan trachea melalui mulut. Biasanya juga disebut dengan expectoratorian. (Dorland)

Orang dewasa normal (menurut bu PW, price wilson) katanya bisa memproduksi mukus (sekret kelenjar) sejumlah 100 ml dalam saluran napas setiap hari. Mukus ini digiring ke faring dengan mekanisme pembersihan silia dari epitel yang melapisi saluran pernapasan. Keadaan abnormal produksi mukus yang berlebihan (karena gangguan fisik, kimiawi, atau infeksi yang terjadi pada membran mukosa), menyebabkan proses pembersihan tidak berjalan secara adekuat normal seperti tadi, sehingga mukus ini banyak tertimbun. Bila hal ini terjadi, membran mukosa akan terangsang, dan mukus akan dikeluarkan dengan tekanan intrathorakal dan intraabdominal yang tinggi. Dibatukkan, udara keluar dengan akselerasi yg cepat beserta membawa sekret mukus yang tertimbun tadi. Mukus tersebut akan keluar sebagai sputum.

Sputum yang dikeluarkan oleh seorang pasien hendaknya dapat dievaluasi sumber, warna, volume, dan konsistensinya, karena kondisi sputum biasanya memperlihatkan secara spesifik proses kejadian patologik pada pembentukan sputum itu sendiri.
- Sputum yang dihasilkan sewaktu membersihkan tenggorokan, kemungkinan berasal dari sinus, atau asluran hidung, bukan berasal dari saluran napas bagian bawah.
- Sputum banyak sekali&purulen → proses supuratif (eg. Abses paru)
- Sputum yg terbentuk perlahan&terus meningkat → taanda bronkhitis/ bronkhiektasis.
- Sputum kekuning-kuningan → proses infeksi.
- Sputum hijau → proses penimbunan nanah. Warna hijau ini dikarenakan adanya verdoperoksidase   yg dihasikan oleh PMN dlm sputum. Sputum hijau ini sering ditemukan pada penderita bronkhiektasis karena penimbunan sputum dalam bronkus yang melebar dan terinfeksi.
- Sputum merah muda&berbusa → tanda edema paru akut.
- Sputum berlendir, lekat, abu-abu/putih → tanda bronkitis kronik.
- Sputum berbau busuk → tanda abses paru/ bronkhiektasis.


SECARA UMUM

Cara pengambilan sputum secara umum :
1. Pengambilan sputum sebaiknya dilakukan pada pagi hari, dimana
kemungkinan untuk mendapat sputum bagian dalam lebih besar. Atau juga
bisa diambil sputum sewaktu. Pengambilan sputum juga harus dilakukan
sebelum pasien menyikat gigi.
2.Agar sputum mudah dikeluarkan, dianjurkan pasien mengonsumsi air
yang banyak pada malam sebelum pengambilan sputum.
3.Jelaskan pada pasien apa yang dimaksud dengan sputum agar yang
dibatukkan benar-benar merupakan sputum, bukan air liur/saliva ataupun
campuran antara sputum dan saliva. Selanjutnya, jelaskan cara mengeluarkan
sputum.
4.Sebelum mengeluarkan sputum, pasien disuruh untuk berkumur-kumur
dengan air dan pasien harus melepas gigi palsu(bila ada).
5.Sputum diambil dari batukkan pertama(first cough).
6.Cara membatukkan sputum:
Tarik nafas dalam dan kuat(dengan pernafasan dada)batukkan kuat sputum
dari bronkustrakeamulutwadah penampung.
Wadah penampung berupa pot steril bermulut besar dan berpenutup(Screw
Cap Medium).
7.Periksa sputum yang dibatukkan, bila ternyata yang dibatukkan adalah
air liur/saliva, maka pasien harus mengulangi membatukkan sputum.
8.Sebaiknya, pilih sputum yang mengandung unsur-unsur khusus,
seperti, butir keju, darah dan unsur-unsur lain.
9.Bila sputum susah keluarlakukan perawatan mulut
Perawatan mulut dilakukan dengan obat glyseril guayakolat(expectorant)
200 mg atau dengan mengonsumsi air teh manis saat malam sebelum
pengambilan sputum.
10.Bila sputum juga tidak bisa didahakkan, sputum dapat diambil secara:
- Aspirasi transtracheal
- Bronchial lavage
- Lung biopsy

Cara penyimpanan sputum:
Yaitu berbeda-beda untuk masing-masing departemen

Cara pengiriman spesimen:
Baik spesimen yang dikirim dalam pot maupun wadah harus disertai dengan
data/keterangan, baik mengenai kriteria spesimen maupun pasien. Ada 2 data
yang harus disertakan, yaitu:
1. Data 1:
Pot/wadah dilabel dengan menempelkan label pada dinding luar pot. Proses
direct labelling yang berisi data: nama, umur, jenis kelamin, jenis spesimen,
jenis tes yang diminta dan tanggal pengambilan.
2. Data 2:
Formulir/kertas/buku yang berisi data keterangan klinis: dokter yang
mengirim, riwayat anamnesis, riwayat pemberian antibiotik terakhir(minimal
3 hari harus dihentikan sebelum pengambilan spesimen), waktu pengambilan
spesimen, dan keterangan lebih lanjut mengenai biodata pasien.

Jadi, data mengenai spesimen harus jelas: label dan formulir.
Spesimen tidak akan diterima apabila:
- Tidak dilengkapi dengan data yang sesuai.
- Jumlah yang dibutuhkan untuk pemeriksaan kurang
- Cara pengambilan tidak sesuai dengan prosedur yang ada.
Sabtu, 19 Mei 2012 0 komentar

Taylor swift love story lyrics

Taylor Swift - Love story Lyrics

We were both young when I first saw you
I close my eyes
And the flashback starts
I'm standing there
On a balcony of summer air

See the lights,
See the party, the ball gowns
I see you make your way through the crowd
You say hello
Little did I know

That you were Romeo you were throwing pebbles
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet
And I was crying on the staircase
Begging you please don't go, and I said:

Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone
I'll be waiting all there's left to do is run
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess
It's a love story baby just say yes

So I sneak out to the garden to see you
We keep quiet cause we're dead if they know
So close your eyes
Escape this town for a little while

Cause you were Romeo I was a scarlet letter
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet
But you were everything to me
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I was begging you please don't go and I said:

Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone
I'll be waiting all there's left to do is run
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess
It's a love story baby just say yes

Romeo save me, they try to tell me how to feel
This love is difficult, but it's real,
Don't be afraid
We'll make it out of this mess
It's a love story baby just say yes, oh,

I got tired of waiting
Wondering if you were ever coming around
My faith in you was fading
When I met you on the outskirts of town I said:

Romeo save me I've been feeling so alone
I keep waiting for you but you never come
Is this in my head, I don't know what to think
He knealt to the ground and pulled out a ring

And said:

Marry me Juliet you'll never have to be alone
I love you and that's all I really know
I talked to your dad go pick out a white dress
It's a love story baby just say yes

Oh, oh, oh

Oh, oh, oh, oh

Cause we were both young when I first saw you
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Taylor swift white horse lyrics

Taylor Swift - White horse Lyrics


Say you're sorry, that face of an angel
Comes out just when you need it to
As I paced back and forth all this time
Cause I honestly believed in you

Holding on, the days drag on
Stupid girl, I should have known
I should have known

I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale
I'm not the one you'll sweep off her feet
Lead her up the stairwell

This ain't Hollywood, this is a small town
I was a dreamer before you went and let me down
Now it's too late for you and your white horse, to come around

Baby I was naive, got lost in your eyes
And never really had a chance
I had so many dreams about you and me
Happy endings, now I know

I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale
I'm not the one you'll sweep off her feet
Lead her up the stairwell

This ain't Hollywood, this is a small town
I was a dreamer before you went and let me down
Now it's too late for you and your white horse, to come around

And there you are on your knees
Begging for forgiveness, begging for me
Just like I always wanted but I'm so sorry


Cause I'm not your princess, this ain't a fairytale
I'm gonna find someone someday who might actually treat me well
This is a big world, that was a small town
There in my rearview mirror disappearing now

And its too late for you and your white horse
Now its too late for you and your white horse, to catch me now

Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa
Try and catch me now
Oh, it's too late to catch me now
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Taylor swift teardrops lyrics

Taylor Swift - Teardrops on My Guitar Lyrics

Drew looks at me
I fake a smile so he won't see
What I want and need
And everything that we should be

I'll bet she's beautiful
That girl he talks about
And she's got everything
That I have to live without

Drew talks to me
I laugh cause its so damn funny
But I can't even see anyone when he's with me

He says he's so in love
He's finally got it right
I wonder if he knows he's all I think about at night

He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar
The only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing star
He's the song in the car I keep singing
Don't know why I do

Drew walks by me
Can he tell that I can't breathe
And there he goes, so perfectly
The kind of flawless I wish I could be

She better hold him tight
Give him all her love
Look in those beautiful eyes
And know she's lucky cause

He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar
The only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing star
He's the song in the car I keep singing
Don't know why I do

So I drive home one night
As I turn out the light
I'll put his picture down
And maybe get some sleep tonight

He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar
The only one that's got enough of me to break my heart
He's the song in the car I keep singing
Don't know why I do

He's the time taken up
But there's never enough
And he's all that I need to fall into

Drew looks at me
I fake a smile so he won't see

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Taylor swift mine lyrics

Taylor Swift - Mine Lyrics

Oh, oh, oh
Oh, oh, oh

You were in college, working part-time, waiting tables
Left a small town and never looked back
I was a flight risk, afraid of fallin'
Wondering why we bother with love, if it never lasts

I say, "Can you believe it?"
As we're lyin' on the couch
The moment, I can see it
Yes, yes, I can see it now

Do you remember, we were sittin' there, by the water?
You put your arm around me for the fist time
You made a rebel of a careless man's careful daughter
You are the best thing that's ever been mine

Flash forward, and we're takin' on the world together
And there's a drawer of my things at your place
You learn my secrets and figure out why I'm guarded
You say we'll never make my parents' mistakes

But we got bills to pay
We got nothin' figured out
When it was hard to take
Yes, yes

This is what I thought about:

Do you remember, we were sittin' there, by the water?
You put your arm around me for the fist time
You made a rebel of a careless man's careful daughter
You are the best thing that's ever been mine

Do you remember all the city lights on the water?
You saw me start to believe for the first time
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You made a rebel of a careless man's careful daughter
You are the best thing that's ever been mine

Oh, oh, oh, oh

And I remember that fight, two-thirty AM
You said everything was slipping right out of our hands
I ran out, crying, and you followed me out into the street

Braced myself for the goodbye, cause that's all I've ever known
Then, you took me by surprise
You said, "I'll never leave you alone."

You said, "I remember how we felt, sitting by the water.
And every time I look at you, it's like the first time.
I fell in love with a careless man's careful daughter.
She is the best thing that's ever been mine."

You made a rebel of a careless man's careful daughter
You are the best thing that's ever been mine

Do you believe it?
We're gonna make it now
And I can see it

I can see it now

 
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Taylor swift jump then fall lyrics

Taylor Swift - Jump then fall Lyrics

I like the way you sound in the morning
We're on the phone and without a warning
I realize your laugh is the best sound I have ever heard
I like the way I can't keep my focus
I watch you talk, you didn't notice
I hear the words but all I can think is we should be together

Every time you smile, I smile
And every time you shine, I'll shine for you

Woah-oh I'm feeling you baby
Don't be afraid to jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Baby, I'm never gonna leave you
Say that you wanna be with me too
Cause I'm gonna stay through it all
So jump then fall

Well, I like the way your hair falls in your face
Oh, You got the keys to me, I love each freckle on your face
Oh, I've never been so wrapped up, honey
I like the way you're everything I've ever wanted
I had time to think it over
And all I can say is come closer
Take a deep breath and jump then fall into me

Cause every time you smile, I smile
And every time you shine, I'll shine for you

Woah-oh I'm feeling you baby
Don't be afraid to jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Baby, I'm never gonna leave you
Say that you wanna be with me too
Cause I'm gonna stay through it all
So jump then fall

The bottom's gonna drop out from under our feet
I'll catch you, I'll catch you
When people say things that bring you to your knees
I'll catch you
The time is gonna come when you're so mad you could cry
But I'll hold you though the night until you smile

Woah-oh I need you baby
Don't be afraid please jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Baby, I'm never gonna leave you
Say that you wanna be with me too
Cause I'm gonna stay through it all
So jump then fall

Jump the fall, baby
Jump then fall into me
Into me

And every time you smile, I smile
And every time you shine, I'll shine
And every time you're here, baby I'll show you
I'll show you you can jump then fall
Jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Into me
Yeah
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Taylor swift you belong with me lyrics

Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me Lyrics



You're on the phone
With your girlfriend
She's upset
She's going off about
Something that you said
She doesn't get your humor
Like I do

I'm in my room
It's a typical tuesday night
I'm listening to the kind of music
She doesn't like
She'll never know your story
Like I do

But she wears short skirts
I wear t-shirts
She's cheer captain
And i'm on the bleachers
Dreaming about the day
When you wake up and find
That what you're looking for
Has been here the whole time

If you could see
That i'm the one
Who understands you
Been here all along
So why can't you
See you belong with me
You belong with me.

Walking the streets
With you and your worn out jeans
I can't help thinking
This is how it ought to be
Laughing on a park bench
Thinking to myself
Hey, isn't this easy?

And you've got a smile
That could light up this whole town
I haven't seen it in awhile
Since she brought you down
You say you're fine
I know you better than that
Hey whatchu doing
With a girl like that

She wears high heels
I wear sneakers
She's cheer captain
I'm on the bleachers
Dreaming about the day
When you wake up and find
That what you're looking for
Has been here the whole time

If you could see
That i'm the one
Who understands you
Been here all along
So why can't you
See you belong with me
Standing by and
Waiting at your backdoor
All this time
How could you not know
Baby
You belong with me
You belong with me.

Oh, I remember
You driving to my house
In the middle of the night
I'm the one who makes you laugh
When you know you're about to cry
And I know your favorite songs
And you tell me about your dreams
Think I know where you belong
Think I know it's with me

Can't you see
That i'm the one
Who understands
Been here all along
So why can't you see?
You belong with me.

Have you ever thought
Just maybe
You belong with me?



 
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